According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), “Child labor refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful”.
Child labor has been a persistent problem throughout the South Asia, for a very long time. Endemic poverty, lack of employment opportunities for adults, large family size and the absence of strict laws, especially regarding the enforcement of a minimum age for work, and their implementation are some of the major reasons for the abhorrent child labor practice seen in the region, including Pakistan.
There is no denying that the involvement of children in labor is a blatant violation of their rights; additionally, child labor also restricts opportunities of educational attainment for children, and thus limits their options for future development.
A child’s earnings are usually the prime reason to send them to work at an age when they ought to be at school. In general there is a widespread assumption that their income contributes significantly to the family’s income.
Research has recently been conducted to understand the contributions of children’s work in relation to the overall family income. Additionally, the research tried to ascertain the real beneficiaries and losers of the whole phenomenon of child labor.
The Author headed the research, while the research team was comprised of the staff and volunteers of Social Research and Development Organization (SRDO), a Karachi-based NGO.
A multi-disciplinary and scientific research approach was applied to conduct the study. Interviews with children, their parents, their employers and common people were organized to collect the data.
The research team targeted 100 working children, 50 boys and 50 girls. It is important to mention that all the respondents of the research were engaged in the services sector.
International Labor Organization (ILO) distributes child labor into three branches of economic activity including the agriculture sector (60%), the services sector (25.6%), and the industrial sector (7.0%). Around 7.5% children’s field of economic activity is not defined.
According to the findings of the research, a large majority of male children are in the age group of 10 to 13 years (69.32%) followed by those in the age group of 14 to 17 (20.44%) and below to 10 years old (9.11%). While a large majority of female children belong to the age group of 12 to 15 years (73.23%) followed by those below the age group of 11 years old (16.78) and a small section of 16 to 18 years (8.86%).
In order to get the perception of the common people about child labor, the research team had asked several questions of the common people to get their point of view about the issue. While responding to a question regarding the family background of child labourers, a large number of people responded that the death of the father is the major cause of children’s involvement in work with a view to support his or her family.
The research team, therefore, focused on the family background of the children and it was informed that 72.36% of male respondents have both parents alive, while 15.24% have single mothers and 10.11% have single fathers. The research findings further informed that 75.06% of female respondents have both parents alive, while 13.33% have single mothers and 9.98% have single fathers. One male and one female respondent informed that both of their parents had passed away and they were living with their relatives.
The research team targeted male children working in different fields and it was revealed that 28.12% of respondents are engaged in working on small hotels or tea stalls, 27.59% work in grocery stores, 19.42% are engaged in working with fruit or vegetable shops, 14.78% work in motorbike mechanic shops and 11.03% work in flower shops.
The research team also observed the trends among female children working in different economic activities. The study found an overwhelmingly majority of female children 92.11% work as domestic workers while 7.89% are involved in miscellanies economic activities such as selling different items in markets.
The research team also tried to find out the overall income of a family. 32% of the respondents informed that there family income is Rs. 9000/= or more, while 28.44% believed family income is Rs. 7500/= or more, 21.56% said Rs. 6000/= or more and 17.45% said Rs. 4000/= or more. It is pertinent to mention here that the father of all respondents do manual labor work which is low paid and lacks consistency.
Female child domestic servants work on low salaries and a majority of respondents (55.34%) receive Rs. 1200/= for their whole month labor. 19.57% respondents get Rs. 1500/= per month, 14.24% receive Rs. 1800/= and 10.77% receive Rs. 2000/= as their one month salary. One of the respondent informed that she received Rs. 2500/= as her monthly salary.
Male child laborers also work on low wages and they receive their wages on a daily basis rather than a monthly salary. In case of any holiday, these child laborers are not entitled to get any wages from their employer. 23.46% respondents work on Rs. 50/= per day, 31.11% receive Rs. 60/= per day, 26.92% Rs. 80/= per day, 12.21% receive Rs. 100 per day and 6.08% receive Rs. 120 per day as their daily wages.
One may wonder that why parents send their children to work for a minimal amount? The research revealed that the contribution children income in overall family income varies from 10% to 35%. It was disclosed that in some families a minimal contribution of Rs. 50/= per day counts a lot in family income.
It was quite clear that majority of parents are aware of the importance of education; however, these parents were of the view that children’s work is necessary for the survival of their families. Additionally, many parents pointed out the prevailing unemployment among educated people in the country and remarked that it is better for the future of their children to start work at an initial stage of their life.
Working children have been a reality in all poor and developing countries, including Pakistan, for many, many years. The research found that employers and working conditions of male and female children are quite different from each other. Girls are primarily employed in domestic work while boys work for small businesses.
The research disclosed that employers of child laborers prefer to hire them due to three basic reasons: 1. Children work, more or less, equal to an adult but for a lesser salary as compared to the adults; 2. Children are more obedient than adult men or women and seldom retaliate; 3. Children are easier to control during working hours.
It was interesting to note that a majority of employers are getting the benefits of child labor; however, they considered such act as charity or helping poor children. Some of the employers mentioned that they only hired the child because he/she belongs to very poor family and despite the low quality of child’s work they give a “handsome amount”, only to “help” him/her.
The parents and employers of working children tried to explain that their act, either sending the child for work or hiring the child for work, is in the broader interest of the child. However, none of them had realized that child labor seriously minimize children’s chances to enjoy and develop their lives.
Majority of child laborers have no access to any school or formal education system as they have fulltime work commitment. They, mostly, do not receive proper food and healthcare; therefore they have generally poor health. These children have no or limited career development chances while they are also vulnerable to violence, abuse, neglect and discrimination.
Parents are primarily responsible for taking care of their children and there is no point that child, as young as five or six, have to work and contribute in family’s income. Parents should increase the family size only after carefully examining their financial resources rather than expecting the new arrival to work for his/her survival. And above all it’s the responsibility of government to make and implement laws to discourage child labor while providing a social safety net at least for vulnerable parents living in abject poverty.
Similarly, employers should understand that children are not meant to work, even sometime for ten to fourteen hours. They, the employers, should hire adult men or women to work on a market based salary rather than hiring children to work fulltime in lesser salary.
Child labor is a complex issue in every part of world, including Pakistan. It is quite clear that everybody, especially parents and employers, are getting benefits of children involvement in labor; however, innocent children have always been the loser in this phenomenon.
About the Author: Amir Murtaza is a senior researcher, analyst and writer on social development issues, especially pertaining to women, youth and children. He can be reached at amirmurtaza@hotmail.com
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